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Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction Techniques

Erschienen am 31.10.1998
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Bibliografische Daten
ISBN/EAN: 9780751404463
Sprache: Englisch
Umfang: XVIII, 432 S.
Einband: gebundenes Buch

Beschreibung

During the past decade supercritical fluid extration (SFE) has attracted considerable attention as a sample preparation procedure in analytical chemistry. The successful implementation of this technique can lead to improved sample throughput, more efficient recovery of analytes, cleaner extracts, economic replacement of halogenated solvents and a high level of automation, compared to conventional sample preparation procedures. This book provides an overview of basic principles of SFE as well as in-depth reviews of both on- and off-line SFE methods. The on-line coupling of SFE with both chromatographic and spectroscopics techniques has been the subject of a great deal of research effort and is dealt with in detail. Newer developments, such as off-line SFE of solid and liquid matrices, are starting to attract a great deal of interest, and the coverage of these areas will prove of particular value to the analytical chemist. The international team of authors has illustrated these topics with many `state-of-the-art' applications, and each chapter provides a comprehensive list of references. For the convenience of the reader, an appendix which contains pressure conversion scales and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide density tables appears at the end of the book. The volume's extensive coverage of both on-line and off-line extraction will be particularly useful to analytical chemists, in a wide range of environments, seeking to develop high quality, simple and robust SFE methods.

Autorenportrait

Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction to supercritical fluid extraction in analytical science.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Pure and modified supercritical fluids.- 1.3 Density of a supercritical fluid.- 1.4 Viscosity and diffusion.- 1.5 Solubility in a supercritical fluid.- 1.6 Factors affecting supercritical fluid extraction.- 1.7 Modelling of supercritical fluid extraction.- 1.8 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by diffusion.- 1.9 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by both diffusion and solvation.- 1.10 Continuous dynamic supercritical fluid extraction controlled by diffusion, solvation and matrix effects.- 1.11 Extrapolation of continuous extraction results.- 1.12 Derivations and discussions of model equations.- 1.12.1 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport only.- 1.12.2 Extraction from a film controlled by transport only.- 1.12.3 Extraction from a film, with non-uniform concentration distribution, controlled by transport only.- 1.12.4 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport and solvation.- 1.12.5 Extraction from a film controlled by transport and solvation.- 1.12.6 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport, solvation and matrix effects.- 1.12.7 Extraction from a sphere controlled by transport, solvation and matrix effects, with non-uniform initial concentration.- 1.12.8 Extrapolation using the models.- References.- 2 Supercritical fluid extraction instrumentation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Analyte and matrix.- 2.3 Modifier addition.- 2.4 On-line and off-line supercritical fluid extraction.- 2.5 Supercritical fluid delivery.- 2.5.1 Syringe pumps.- 2.5.2 Reciprocating piston pumps.- 2.5.3 Pneumatic amplifier pumps.- 2.6 Extraction vessels.- 2.7 Supercritical fluid extraction flow-control devices and restrictors.- 2.7.1 Fixed-flow restrictors.- 2.7.2 Variable-flow restrictors.- 2.7.3 Summary.- 2.8 Supercritical fluid extraction collection modes.- 2.8.1 Off-line liquid trapping.- 2.8.2 Off-line solid phase collection.- 2.8.3 Off-line solventless collection.- 2.8.4 On-line collection modes.- 2.8.5 Summary.- 2.9 Automation of supercritical fluid extraction.- 2.9.1 Parallel supercritical fluid extraction systems.- 2.9.2 Sequential supercritical fluid extraction systems.- 2.9.3 Summary.- 2.10 Future developments.- 2.10.1 Supercritical fluid extraction in the production environment.- 2.10.2 Field portable systems.- 2.10.3 Pressurized fluid extraction.- References.- 3 Off-line supercritical fluid extraction for solid matrices.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Sample preparation for supercritical fluid extraction.- 3.1.2In situsupercritical fluid derivatization extraction schemes.- 3.1.3 In-line supercritical fluid extraction cleanup procedures.- 3.2 Experimental parameters of supercritical fluid extraction.- 3.2.1 Type of fluid.- 3.2.2 Effect of density.- 3.2.3 Selection of supercritical fluid extraction temperature.- 3.2.4 Selection of organic modifier.- 3.3 Extract collection.- 3.3.1 Extract trapping using solvents.- 3.3.2 Extract trapping using solid-phase sorbents.- 3.4 Mathematical models used for optimizing supercritical fluid extraction parameters.- 3.4.1 Supercritical fluid extraction kinetic models.- 3.4.2 Strategies for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction variables.- References.- 4 Supercritical fluid extraction strategies of liquid-based matrices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General considerations.- 4.2.1 Vessels for direct liquid supercritical fluid extraction.- 4.2.2 Vessels for indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction.- 4.2.3 Liquid supercritical fluid extraction vessel safety considerations.- 4.2.4 Selection of support media for indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction.- 4.2.5 Restrictors and analyte traps for direct and indirect liquid supercritical fluid extraction.- 4.3 Procedures involving pH control and use of additives to improve supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies of analytes from aqueous samples.- 4.4 Aqueous sample derivatisation proced